In this article, we begin by looking outwards as a thesis, looking inwards becomes the anti-thesis and striking a balance between these two becomes the synthesis. This is one among many pieces of advice given to retain power.
“A fortress seems to be the safest. But isolation exposes you to more dangers than it protects you from “– Robert Green
Mistakes we must learn from:
The story of Tibet
Past glory:
Tibetan kingdom was grand, magnificent and powerful and dominated Central Asia covering large parts of modern India, Nepal, and Bhutan in the south and much of Chinese territory. In 1763, forces of this kingdom conquered the Chinese capital and extracted promises of homage and other such concessions.
Past relationship with China:
The Jokhang shrine (the holiest place in Tibet) contains a stone monument bearing witness to the historic power of Tibet. Its inscription carved in both Tibetan and Chinese, is an account to this everlasting agreement:
“The Miraculous Divine Lord Trisong Dretsen and the Chinese King Wen Wu Hsiao-te Hwang-ti, … (have signed) this great treaty…to restore the former ancient friendship and mutual regard …on neither side there shall be waging of war or seizing of territory...Between the two countries no smoke or dust shall be seen. There shall be no sudden alarms and the very word ‘enemy’ shall not be spoken .Even the frontier guards shall have no anxiety nor fear and shall enjoy land and bed at their ease. All shall live in peace and share the blessing of happiness for ten thousand years. The fame of this shall extend to all places reached by the sun and moon...” (Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, 1900,p 46)
It was prepared by Tibet and China in 821-1 AD. China, shamelessly did not stick to its promise and, so conditions today are unfortunate.
Education of the Dalai Lama:
5 major subjects: logic, Tibetan art and culture, Sanskrit, Medicine and Buddhist Philosophy.
5 minor subjects: poetry, music, drama, astrology, metre and phrasing and synonyms.
Surprisingly and unfortunately, the doctorate was awarded wholly based on Buddhist philosophy, logic and dialectics. Religion can be an important component of education but not the single most important element of it. Hence, it was awfully lopsided in numerous ways, was not up to the mark when one thinks about its relevance in statesmanship, politics, defense and tactics of conspiring for power and was utterly inappropriate for a head of a kingdom in the late 20th century. Tathag Rinpoche, the 2nd highest official who was appointed based on his high spiritual learning failed to protect Tibet from Chinese invasion. How was he expected to be successful if he had no training in governance?
One of the greatest war leader and strategist, Chinese Military General Sun Tzu advised the following:
If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
The 14th Dalai Lama was just 15 years old when he was made the head of his country. Then, he did not even know about communism. It was his eldest brother who was sent by the Chinese to kill him who explained to him the communist ideology and the thought process of the Chinese invaders.
Plans of the 13th Dalai Lama:
Thupten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama was remarkably competent and far-sighted. He was truly interested in new technology. He imported an electrical generating plant, a mint and 3 cars. These cars made a spectacle, as wheeled transport was absent in the country. He arranged for 4 young Tibetans to be sent to Britain for learning and also reformed the army. These two initiatives proved to be successful though there was no follow-up and continuation after his death.
He warned the following with deep concern as he emphasized the need to make major changes:
“It may happen that here in Tibet, religion and government will be attacked both from without and within. Unless we guard our own country, it will now happen that the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lamas, the Father and the Son and all the revered holders of the faith will disappear and become nameless. Monks and their monasteries will be destroyed. The rule of law will be weakened. The lands and property of the government officials will be seized. They themselves will be forced to serve their enemies or wander the country like beggars. All beings will be sunk in great hardship and overwhelming fear; the days and night will drag on slowly in suffering.” (Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, 1900, p 46)
If Tibet would have incorporated the best of all lands into itself and standardized the 13th Dalai Lamas modernizing initiatives as he intended, for the sake of updating the country; she would have enjoyed independence today and its state of affairs today would be poles apart.
Moral:
Self – assessment is a must and must follow with making radical changes, even the daring ones, if they are needed to destroy disempowering obstacles.
2) Art needs to be made in communication so that it communicates.
In 1545 Dyke Cosimo I de’ Medici commissioned frescoes for the San Lorenzo Church in Florence. He chose Pontormo among many excellent painters available to him. Pontormo wished to make the frescoes his legacy and so, wanted no one to lay eyes on his masterpiece or steal his ideas. Therefore, he closed the chapel off with bulwark. Unfortunately, Pontormo expired before he could complete his work. About his work, Vasari, the great Renaissance writer, wrote “I think I would go mad and become entangled in his painting, just as I believe that in eleven years of time Jacopo spent on it, he entangles himself and anyone else who saw it”. (Robert Green, 1998, p.135)
Moral:
Effects of isolation on human mind:
A complete loss of proportion
An obsession with detail
Inability to see the larger picture
Art made by artists in seclusion does not speak to masses and consequently remains powerless.
3) Indian military
India does not have a reputation of effectively shielding the sub-continent as a whole from foreign incursions.
India failed mainly because of:
Disinterest in military innovation, incompetence and ineffectiveness be it strategies/tactics or design and production of weaponry. Even today she imports most of her arms and ammunition.
Failure of tactics.
Malfunction of Rajput strategies like those of Prithviraj Chauhan
Failures of the Maratha Confederacy at the 3rd battle of Panipat
Ineffective logistic planning and execution.
Hence, we were disappointed in the 1962 war in Arunachal Pradesh.
The same reason worked against us in the initial phases of Operation Pawan in Sri Lanka October 1987 and also in the Panipat war.
Moral:
Martial satisfaction and relaxed approach towards the vital topic of intelligence has been the undoing of Bhartiya kingdoms. For this very reason Kautilya must have had to stress on the worth of information gathering in Arthashastra. It seems that his advice has been obeyed more in breach than in execution. This is proved by failures ever since early time’s up to 1999 in Kargil.
Success stories countries must learn from:
Modernization of Japan:
Since the Meiji restoration in 1868 AD, students are proactively sent abroad to imbibe diverse ideas, technology and knowledge so that they develop their native country using these, there is an amalgamation of a number of ideas and also an understanding about ones standing in the global competition.
“Open the window; it is a big world out there” was an advice given by Sakichi Toyoda, founder of Toyota to his Colleagues in 1930’s. This attitude laid the foundation for Kaizen in Toyota. ‘Kaizen’ means constant improvement (Kai= Change, Zen = good). Kaizen was also influenced by the teachings of the American industrial quality management teachers who had come after WW2 during the Reconstruction of Japan.
Moral:
A country will retain power if it evolves and it will evolve by learning from other nations.
Bhutan’s balancing act.
“If you want to destroy a people, destroy their religion and their language”
- Italian Nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini
There is beauty in difference. The cultural distinctness of a country carves a place for its own identity in this busy world and maintains its individuality. Hence, it is important for us to realize that improving and nurturing culture does not go against modernization but makes a country more powerful and hence is a part of progress.
Here, Bhutan sets a commendable example. Bhutan’s people never demanded democracy and it was also not forced on it by a foreign country but was introduced because of the confidence, political will and open mindedness of its 4th King, Jigme Singye. On the other hand, he also encouraged focusing on Gross National Happiness, an idea unique to Bhutan. It is based on the Kingdom's Buddhist tradition which believes that there should be balance between physical and spiritual needs. Thus according to them, the key to progress is all round, holistic and balanced development. This is admired as an alternative all over the world by those who are unsatisfied with the conventional growth model.
Bhutan has maintained a stronghold of its roots as it adapts to the changing times.
Moral:
While a country learns from the world, she must nurture her indigenous cultures, philosophies and good qualities which makes up her identity. By doing this, she gives the world a chance to learn from her.
Summation
Through the above, we can infer how vital it is to maintain friendly relations with the world from the failure of Tibet, avoid isolation like Pontormo as it will lead us to doom, to be innovative, gather information and be constantly improving from the failures of the Indian military .
We ought to also learn to always be a student from the evergreen learning spirit of the Japanese and to strengthen our roots by looking up to how Bhutan honours its culture and heritage. Even the great works of renowned thinkers, Plato and Aristotle, were highly influenced by the exposure that they were fortunate to avail while they were in exile.
Solitude: An antithesis
While being in constant touch with the world is fruitful, the importance of solitude cannot be disregarded. Below are some examples to illustrate this point.
Tilak wrote Gita Rahasya while he was in solitary confinement in Mandalay,
Nehru wrote letters to his daughter while he was in jail;
Before going to America, Swami Vivekananda meditated for three consecutive days and nights on , the last rock in the sea , Cape Comorin in Kanyakumari [ In this solitude he came upon the belief that the principles of tyaga (renunciation) and seva (service) will bring India back her glory.]
Gandhiji used to maintain maun (restraint on speech) every Monday.
Solitude is required to look inwards, meditate, take some rest, contemplate, sort out the tangles of thoughts in our minds and also for self speculation
Conclusion
Small doses of solitude are healthy but isolation for a long duration of time is poisonous. Isolation is dangerous because, a country must look outwards to judge itself against others and get an idea about where there is a high scope for improvement, to find solutions in countries grappling with the same questions as it is, to make friends who might help in times of crises and to always be alert from threat and aggressor countries.
However, as we look outside to learn, let us not be lost, as grass is always greener on the other side but let us explore and bring back home what is best outside and that which is needed at home. This is simply what trade is and not rocket science. However, it is imperative that the home country is open minded and humble enough to accept innovation, good change and whatever is required for its own improvement. It should have a desire to improve and modernize but at the same time be critical, because even diseases and invasive species can come from foreign lands, figuratively and literally speaking . The notion that Indian development must model the western world was naïve (a disease). Every policy inspired from a foreign land should be implemented keeping in mind the home country’s unique strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Hence, it is unwise to go with the currents of the world without a spine but it is wise to become the fastest fish in water by evolving our organs constantly. A soft branch put in a pipe will bend where necessary, but a hard one will break. Change is permanent and so one must evolve for survival. It does not necessarily mean copying but means innovation and evolution.